Hors d'oeuvres # 005
The Marvellous Syllogism
What Are Syllogisms?
“Syllogisms are logical arguments that make use of deductive reasoning to form arguments.”
There are many different types of syllogisms. They are structured in a simple way with two premises and a conclusion in their most basic form.
We have an innate penchant to argue about things.
Anyone reading this knows how amazing it can be to verbally wrestle with your friends about why your favorite football club is the best of all time, or perhaps you get into the classic argument of how Marvel’s cinematic universe kicks DC out of the park every time.
As entertaining as arguing can be, having proper arguments to support your beliefs not only helps you defend them, but also helps you form well-rounded opinions.
Having the ability to reason by logic is a method that philosophers have used for centuries to determine the true nature of things, to separate idiosyncratic beliefs from true reality.
Human head with maze inside and colorful jigsaw puzzle pieces. Concept of logical thinking, intelligence, mental capacity, mind game.
“Logical thinking is paramount to deduce knowable facts and weed out the false claims [see above picture].”
Logic and deductive reasoning are the pillars of every verifiable fact that we know about this world, helping us navigate through a sea of false claims and beliefs, especially in today’s world, which is so overloaded with information.
Syllogisms are one way to test existing claims and also arrive at new ones.
Logical Arguments and Deductive Reasoning
It’s important to determine the degree of truth in a statement and see if it holds any value or if the conclusion it comes to is valid.
To do this, we form a series of statements that convey our ‘premises’, which are the known facts or assumptions we make in order to reach a conclusion.
This series of statements is called an argument and a logical argument is one in which the conclusion holds true, given the premises.
For example:
- All men are mortal (1st premise)
- Socrates was a man (2nd premise)
- Thus, Socrates was mortal (Conclusion)
Here we have used ‘deductive reasoning’, or top-down logic, to reach a valid conclusion by comparing two true premises.
This can be done in many ways through various types of logical arguments; syllogisms are one of these arguments, one that uses deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion based on two or more premises that are assumed to be true.
Syllogism and its Structure
A syllogism is a deductive tool that can be traced all the way back to Aristotle.
It has been used by many notable philosophers and was also completely accepted by George Boole, who is famous for introducing Boolean algebra and is also credited for laying the foundation of the information age.
The basic structure of syllogisms is a three-step process to reach a conclusion using two true premises.
These three steps are:
- Major premise
Each part of the argument is a categorical proposition, meaning that it agrees or denies that the instance of one category (the subject or the middle) is part of another category (the predicate).
A major premise then becomes the first assertion or claim that you put forward on which to base your argument, which is assumed to be true.
For example:
Some cats are orange: Cats – middle (M) and Orange – predicate (P)
- Minor premise
This is the second assertion that is assumed to be true. It also follows the pattern of a categorical proposition.
For example:
Some mammals are cats; Mammals – subject (S), and Cats – middle (M)
- Conclusion
By assuming the two premises are true and comparing the two, we can come to a logical conclusion.
This conclusion holds true because both of our premises hold true; it would become invalid as soon as any one of the premises is proven to be false.
For example:
- Major premise – Some cats are orange
- Minor premise – Some mammals are cats
- Conclusion – Some mammals (S) are orange (P)
Conclusion
Syllogisms are an important concept to make any argument better or break down an existing claim to see if it holds true.
The verification for this is done through checking the validity of the premises, meaning that you check whether they are true or fabricated, whether the sources of the premises are legit and whether the conclusion is drawn from the true premises.
You don’t need to remember all the various combinations of syllogisms; understanding the basic structure will do the trick when it comes to forming your own unique logical argument.
Basically, don’t take any information that comes your way at face value. Break down the premises, conclusions and keep yourself logically informed! [Retrieved from https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-are-syllogisms.html]
Photo Credit: Andrew Krasovitckii/ Shutterstock.